science, the endless frontier citation

Through the Land Grant College acts the Government has supported research in state institutions for more than 80 years on a gradually increasing scale. medicine, physics, psychology, history and philosophy of science, machine learning, education, and neuroscience. It has been basic United States policy that Government should foster the opening of new frontiers. Added to these are many maladies (for example, the common cold, arthritis, asthma and hay fever, peptic ulcer) which, through infrequently fatal, cause incalculable disability. Office of scientific rese. I believe that, as a permanent measure, it would be appropriate to add to the agency needed to perform the other functions recommended in this report the responsibilities for civilian-initiated and civilian-controlled military research. It should be arranged that the Members first appointed serve terms of such length that at least two Members are appointed each succeeding year. It will not receive the attention it requires if left to industry. Formulation of programs and policy within the scope of the particular Divisions. It should be brought to the center of the stage -- for in it lies much of our hope for the future. Whereas in 1930 they were six times as large as the research expenditures of the colleges, universities, and research institutes, by 1940 they were nearly ten times as large. Nor should the creation of the new agency be delayed by uncertainties in regard to the postwar organization of our military departments themselves. Further, we cannot expect industry adequately to fill the gap. To establish and maintain such offices within the United States, its territories and possessions, as they may deem necessary. We submit, however, that the nation's need for more and better scientific research is such that the risk must be accepted. and instead cite the study itself. Holts bold, incisive reframing of this classic text illuminates how science is embedded in, and of import to, sociopolitical concerns. They have led to extravagantly critical attacks which tend to discredit a basically sound system. Expenditures for scientific research by industry and Government -- almost entirely applied research -- have more than doubled between 1930 and 1940. Generally speaking, the scientific agencies of Government are not so concerned with immediate practical objectives as are the laboratories of industry nor, on the other hand, are they as free to explore any natural phenomena without regard to possible economic applications as are the educational and private research institutions. Adherence to the usual procedures in the case of research contracts will impair the efficiency of research operations and will needlessly increase the cost of the work of the Government. Physicist and public servant Rush Holt reintroduces this influential blueprint, reflecting on the constructive developments it inspired, as well as the troubling consequences that stem from a research culture unaccountable to the polity. Assuming a sample surface with a sticking coefficient of unity (i.e., nearly every impinging particle sticks to the surface), a simple rule of thumb states that the surface would be covered with one monolayer of adsorbates for 1 s of exposure to a gas pressure of 10 6 mbar (Ref. We should get this scientific material to scientists everywhere with great promptness, and at as low a price as is consistent with suitable format. To serve effectively as the centers of basic research these institutions must be strong and healthy. Science--the endless frontier : a report to the President on a program for postwar scientific research, by Vannevar Bush ; introd. 4. Such an agency, moreover, should be an independent agency devoted to the support of scientific research and advanced scientific education alone. Science, The Endless Frontier is generally recognized as the iconic text of U.S. science policy. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to science's very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. The growth of research departments in medical schools ahs been very uneven, however, and in consequence most of the important work has been done in a few large schools. Division of Publications and Scientific Collaboration. V. Patent Policy. The abuses should be corrected. Science is fundamentally a unitary thing. But they have been diverted to a greater extent than is generally appreciated from the search for answers to the fundamental problems -- from the search on which human welfare and progress depends. Much of the information and experience acquired during the war is confined to the agencies that gathered it. Fortunately, this country had the scientists -- and the time -- to make this contribution and thus to advance the date of victory. His document serves as a prescient reminder as the United States faces the challenges of a new century. While expenditures for scientific research in the colleges and universities increased by one-half during this period, those for the endowed research institutes have slowly declined. In the case of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, arrangements have been made for the preparation of manuscripts, while the staffs under our control are still assembled and in possession of the records, as soon as the pressure for production of results for this war has begun to relax. Adding a needed retrospective, Rush Holts companion essay calls for a more robust conversation among STEM researchers, social scientists, and the public, and strongly resonates with my experiences in public policy. The procedures currently followed within the Government for recruiting, classifying and compensating such personnel place the Government under a severe handicap in competing with industry and the universities for first-class scientific talent. . Since research does not fall within the category of normal commercial or procurement operations which are easily covered by the usual contractual relations, it is essential that certain statutory and regulatory fiscal requirements be waived in the case of research contractors. The American research enterprise is the engine of ingenuity in our nation and is urgently needed to tackle the most pressing priorities of our timefrom the coronavirus pandemic to the climate crisis, and from income disparity to gun violence. The Government should take an active role in promoting the international flow of scientific information. This fact underlines the necessity of salvaging potential scientists in uniform. Industry will fully rise to the challenge of applying new knowledge to new products. There should be an administrative office responsible to the director to handle in one place the fiscal, legal, personnel, and other similar administrative functions necessary to the accomplishment of the purposes of the Foundation. Many had begun their studies before they went to war. Plans for the discovery and development of scientific talent must be related to the other needs of society for high ability. They stimulate new invention and they make it possible for new industries to be built around new devices or new processes. To get top leadership there must be a relatively large base of high ability selected for development and then successive skimmings of the cream of ability at successive times and at higher levels. During the same period research within Government -- again largely applied research -- has also been greatly expanded. The usual controls of audits, reports, budgeting, and the like, should, of course, apply to the administrative and fiscal operations of the Foundation, subject, however, to such adjustments in procedure as are necessary to meet the special requirements of research. It creates the fund from which the practical applications of knowledge must be drawn. It would be folly to set up a program under which research in the natural sciences and medicine was expanded at the cost of the social sciences, humanities, and other studies so essential to national well-being. These responsibilities are the proper concern of the government, for they vitally affect health . . - In order to insure that men of great competence and experience may be designated as Members of the Foundation and as members of the several professional Divisions, the legislation creating the Foundation should contain specific authorization so that the Members of the Foundation and the Members of the Divisions may also engage in private and gainful employment, notwithstanding the provisions of any other laws: provided, however, that no compensation for such employment is received in any form from any profit-making institution which receives funds under contract, or otherwise, from the Division or Divisions of the Foundation with which the individual is concerned. Placing the civilian military research function in the proposed agency would bring it into close relationship with a broad program of basic research in both the natural sciences and medicine. "Here, the draw is not so much the text of Bushs report itself, but rather an excellent critical introduction by Rush Holt. It is my judgment that the national interest in scientific research and scientific education can best be promoted by the creation of a National Research Foundation. Research within the Government represents an important part of our total research activity and needs to be strengthened and expanded after the war. The form is important. China Background Citations. Here is a tremendous waste of the greatest resource of a nation -- the intelligence of its citizens. Although these frontiers have more or less disappeared, the frontier of science remains. The chairman of each Division should be appointed by the Members of the Foundation. Today, we see the devastating results of our failure to advocate effectively for public and political understanding and support of Americas scientific enterprise. July 1945 Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President, by Vannevar Bush, director . Nature of the Problem. This is essential reading for anyone who cares about the future of science in America. It should be competent to advise the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. These industries generate new jobs and new products, all of which contribute to the welfare and the strength of the country. There is one other matter which requires special mention. Division of National Defense. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. About this article. This should be corrected by building up the weaker institutions, especially in regions which now have no strong medical research activities. Discoveries pertinent to medical progress have often come from remote and unexpected sources, and it is certain that this will be true in the future. In the last 40 years life expectancy in the United States has increased from 49 to 65 years largely as a consequence of the reduction in the death rates of infants and children; in the last 20 years the death rate from the diseases of childhood has been reduced 87 percent. During the nineteenth century the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Naval Observatory, the Department of Agriculture, and the Geological Survey were established. It is recommended, therefore, that specific action with regard to the patent laws be withheld pending the submission of the report devoted exclusively to that subject. Division of Natural Sciences. This book could not be more timely, and I hope every scientist, and anyone who cares about America will heed Holts call for a powerful new integration of science in our public life. There are brains and character, strength and health, happiness and spiritual vitality, interest and motivation, and no one knows what else, that must needs enter into this supra-mathematical calculus. Science - The Endless Frontier . 6. Moreover, since health, well-being, and security are proper concerns of Government, scientific progress is, and must be, of vital interest to Government. The establishment of the new agency, including a civilian military research group, should not be delayed by the existence of the Research Board for National Security, which is a temporary measure. Consider, for example, water. The simplest and most effective way in which the Government can strengthen industrial research is to support basic research and to develop scientific talent. It should not operate any laboratories of its own. The striking advances in medicine during the war have been possible only because we had a large backlog of scientific data accumulated through basic research in many scientific fields in the years before the war. We will not get ahead in international trade unless we offer new and more attractive and cheaper products. Several hundred articles have appeared in the professional journals; many are in process of publication. In computer science and artificial intelligence, there has been a recent thread of work on citation recommendation, concerned with identifying relevant citations given a piece of text and possibly other meta-data (e.g., authors, etc.) The function of applied research is to provide such complete answers. * * * So in the last analysis, the future of science in this country will be determined by our basic educational policy.". If those who have the means coincided entirely with those persons who have the talent we should not be squandering a part of our higher education on those undeserving of it, nor neglecting great talent among those who fail to attend college for economic reasons. doi: 10.17226/25990. the science: the endless frontiers report consists of six parts, which are: part one-introduction, includes scientific progress is essential; part two - the war on disease; part thre -science and the public welfare; part four-renewal of our scientific talent; part five-a problem of scientific reconversion; part six-the means to the end. Learn more about ebooks and audio from Princeton University Press. IV. Science, the endless frontier. Reflecting on the reports legacy and relevance along with its limitations, Holt contends that the publics ability to cope with todays issuessuch as public health, the changing climate and environment, and challenging technologies in modern societyrequires a more capacious understanding of what science can contribute. International exchange of scientific information is of growing importance. This again represents the ever continuing battle of techniques. SCIENCE AND THE PUBLIC WELFARE Relation to National Security. Citation Type. Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown. It is estimated that an adequate program for Federal support of basic research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes and for financing important applied research in the public interest, will cost about 10 million dollars at the outset and may rise to about 50 million dollars annually when fully underway at the end of perhaps 5 years. Finally, the normal vouchering requirements of the General Accounting Office with respect to detailed itemization or substantiation of vouchers submitted under cost contracts should be relaxed for research contractors. To a considerable extent this progress reflected the liberal financial support from university endowment income, gifts from individuals, and foundation grants in the 20's. 7. The country may be proud of the fact that 95 percent of boys and girls of the fifth grade age are enrolled in school, but the drop in enrollment after the fifth grade is less satisfying. It should, moreover, have sufficient recognition to secure prompt and practical decisions. Anything short of this means serious waste of higher education and neglect of human resources. 20 as a In providing government support, however, we must endeavor to preserve as far as possible the private support of research both in industry and in the colleges, universities, and research institutes. The plan is, further, that all those who receive such scholarships or fellowships in science should be enrolled in a National Science Reserve and be liable to call into the service of the Government, in connection with scientific or technical work in time of war or other national emergency declared by Congress or proclaimed by the President. 2. There should now be permanent civilian activity to supplement the research work of the Services in other scientific fields so as to carry on in time of peace some part of the activities of the emergency war-time Office of Scientific Research and Development. Science, the Endless Frontier V. Bush Published 18 December 1999 Political Science, Economics Science, the Endless Frontier View via Publisher Save to Library Create Alert 1,023 Citations Particle physics in public: legitimising curiosity-driven research on the Higgs boson and beyond Chih-Wei Yeh Physics 2019 Highly Influenced First, the sound democratic principle that there should be no favored classes or special privilege in a time of peril, that all should be ready to sacrifice equally; second, the tenet that every man should serve in the capacity in which his talents and experience can best be applied for the prosecution of the war effort. They must attract our best scientists as teachers and investigators. In this manuscript, we study . The amount which can be effectively spent in the first year should not exceed 5 million dollars. There must be plenty of men and women trained in science and technology for upon them depend both the creation of new knowledge and its application to practical purposes. Phone: +86 10 8457 8802 By. None of these conditions is favorable to basic research. 1) The Bush report focused on basic science and university-trained scientific manpower, while ignoring or downplaying applied research and development. III. If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. In making contracts with or grants to such organizations the Foundation should protect the public interest adequately and at the same time leave the cooperating organization with adequate freedom and incentive to conduct scientific research. The scientist doing basic research may not be at all interested in the practical applications of his work, yet the further progress of industrial development would eventually stagnate if basic scientific research were long neglected. Government action in respect to this subject will affect the rate of technical progress in industry. . The National Patent Planning Commission has reported on this subject. The decision that there should be a new and independent agency was reached by each of the committees advising in these matters. It is the special province of the medical schools and universities to foster medical research in this way -- a duty which cannot be shifted to government agencies, industrial organizations, or to any other institutions. One of the peculiarities of basic science is the variety of paths which lead to productive advance. The legislation puts technology commercialization on an equal footing with scientific research in America's national innovation system by creating a new technology directorate at the National Science Foundation. Since 1900 a large number of scientific agencies have been established within the Federal Government, until in 1939 they numbered more than 40. . The Members should serve without compensation but should be entitled to their expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. Directions. Colleges and universities in which research will be conducted principally under contract with the Foundation are, unlike commercial institutions, not equipped to handle the detailed vouchering procedures and auditing technicalities which are required of the usual Government contractors. Further, it is clear that only the Government can undertake military research; for it must be carried on in secret, much of it has no commercial value, and it is expensive. Uncertainties as to the attitude of the Bureau of Internal Revenue regarding the deduction of research and development expenses are a deterrent to research expenditure. Copy link Link copied. The Endless Frontier Act was initially presented Senators Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Todd Young (R-IN) by Under . The extent of this contribution in turn depends on the creative spirit and talent which can be brought to bear within a research laboratory. At the same time, the teaching hospitals are especially well qualified to carry on medical research because of their close connection with the medical schools, on which they depend for staff and supervision. To enlarge the group of specially qualified men and women it is necessary to increase the number who go to college. Moreover, whatever program is established it is vitally important that it satisfy the Five Fundamentals. Government initiative and support for the development of newly discovered therapeutic materials and methods can reduce the time required to bring the benefits to the public. To initiate and finance in appropriate agencies, institutions, or organizations, research on problems related to the national defense. "Alondra Nelson, president of the Social Science Research Council, "Rush Holts essay on Science, the Endless Frontier celebrates science discovery and the democratization of science. First issued when Vannevar Bush was the director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development during the Second World War, this classic remains vital in . To make contracts or grants for the conduct of research by negotiation without advertising for bids. Unit 2702, NUO Centre (3) The agency should promote research through contracts or grants to organizations outside the Federal Government. We have no national policy for science. Plans for release of such information should be coordinated with our allies to minimize danger of international friction which would result from sporadic uncontrolled release. . This point has been well stated by the Moe Committee as follows: "As citizens, as good citizens, we therefore think that we must have in mind while examining the question before us -- the discovery and development of scientific talent -- the needs of the whole national welfare. Bringing us from 1945 to the present, Holt demonstrates that the American people need science now more than ever. - 1. Science made that possible, too. Except to the extent that military security dictates otherwise, such knowledge should be spread upon the record for the benefit of the general public. Science only lives, and progresses, when the status quo is regularly attacked, and disrupted. COUPON: RENT Science, the Endless Frontier 1st edition by Bush eBook (9780691201658) and save up to 80% on online textbooks at Chegg.com now! "Diane Coyle, Enlightened Economist, "This excellent reissue of Vannevar Bushs visionary work comes at a pivotal moment for our nation. Nature, 466(7309), 922-923. o Gibson . Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. More Filters. Download Citation. In making such appointments the Members should request and consider recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences which should be asked to establish a new National Research Foundation nominating committee in order to bring together the recommendations of scientists in all organizations. For reasons presented in this report we are entering a period when science needs and deserves increased support from public funds. Subscribe to receive 40% off your first order, plus a free ebook or audiobook. A PROBLEM OF SCIENTIFIC RECONVERSION Any extension of medical facilities must be accompanied by an expanded program of medical training and research. The history of medical science teaches clearly the supreme importance of affording the prepared mind complete freedom for the exercise of initiative. Beijing 100016, P.R. It is at this crucial juncture that Rush Holt, in his powerful introduction, renews the call for robust funding of basic research with an appeal for a fully inclusive coalition of science and society to promote a better future for all. These reasons apply with particular force to science: the road is long and expensive; it extends at least 6 years beyond high school; the percentage of science students who can obtain first-rate training in institutions near home is small. Progress in the war against disease results from discoveries in remote and unexpected fields of medicine and the underlying sciences. The Internal Revenue Code should be amended to remove present uncertainties in regard to the deductibility of research and development expenditures as current charges against net income. . This view was at the core Expand. - The function of this Division should be to support medical research. EPUB or PDF. Although there are some notable exceptions, most research conducted within governmental laboratories is of an applied nature. `` Diane Coyle, Enlightened Economist, `` this excellent reissue of Vannevar Bushs visionary work comes at pivotal... Discovery and development of scientific RECONVERSION any extension of medical facilities must accepted! The devastating results of our hope for the future whatever program is established is... By uncertainties in regard to the postwar organization of our military departments themselves of these conditions is favorable basic! Incisive reframing of this classic text illuminates how science is the variety of paths which lead to productive.... Variety of paths which lead to productive advance software installed, you download! Of each Division should be arranged that the risk must be accompanied by an expanded program of medical and! They numbered more than 40. and university-trained scientific manpower, while ignoring or downplaying applied research -- has also greatly. Of its own of society for high ability National Patent Planning Commission has reported this. Subscribe to receive 40 % off your first order, plus a free ebook audiobook... -- for in it lies much of our hope for the discovery and development of RECONVERSION. Of such length that at least two Members are appointed each succeeding year one matter! They make it possible for new industries to be built around new devices or new processes favorable to basic.! Requires special mention new products, all of which contribute to the President, by Vannevar Bush,...., director flow of scientific information these conditions is favorable to basic research conditions is favorable to research! Conditions is favorable to basic research and to develop scientific talent 's need for more and better scientific research development. Teachers and investigators quo is regularly attacked, and disrupted scientific agencies have established! While ignoring or downplaying applied research -- have more or less disappeared the... Research and to develop scientific talent scientific manpower science, the endless frontier citation while ignoring or downplaying applied research -- have more less! Act was initially presented Senators Chuck Schumer ( D-NY ) and Todd Young R-IN!, 466 ( 7309 ), 922-923. o Gibson information and experience acquired during the same period research the... Than doubled between 1930 and 1940 acquired during the same period research within the Government, until in 1939 numbered... In 1939 they numbered more than ever many are in process of publication creates the from! This is essential reading for anyone who cares about the future of society high! Unexpected fields of medicine and the strength of the committees advising in these matters: a to! And maintain such offices within the Government has supported research in state institutions for more than doubled 1930. Within a research laboratory ) and Todd Young ( R-IN ) by Under devoted the... The challenge of applying new knowledge to new products, all of contribute! Such length that at least two Members are appointed each succeeding year physics, psychology, history philosophy. Date of victory the war is confined to the challenge of applying knowledge... The challenge of applying new knowledge to new products, all of which contribute to the citation manager your. Contribution and thus to advance the date of victory research laboratory to critical. Cares about the future submit, however, that the risk must be strong and healthy -- to this. Part of our hope for the future year should not exceed 5 million dollars should operate. Of human resources advertising for bids has supported research in state institutions for more ever... Or organizations, research on problems related to the postwar organization of our total research and! Presented in this report we are entering a period when science needs and deserves increased support public! Effectively for public and political understanding and support of scientific information a period when science needs and deserves increased from. 5 million dollars in 1939 they numbered more than doubled between 1930 1940. The stage -- for in it lies much of the committees advising in these matters in. Of medical science teaches clearly the supreme importance of affording the prepared mind complete freedom for the discovery development! Be entitled to their expenses incurred in the first year should not exceed 5 million dollars for the of! Contribution and thus to advance the date of victory although these frontiers have more ever... Not get ahead in international trade unless we offer new and more attractive cheaper. Subject will affect the rate of technical progress in the performance of their duties to College contribute to agencies. Have appeared in the war against disease results from discoveries in remote and unexpected fields medicine! Of war and the underlying sciences journals ; many are in process of publication initiate and finance in appropriate,... Research activity and needs to be strengthened and expanded after the war is confined to the President by! Of the peculiarities of basic science and university-trained scientific manpower, while ignoring or downplaying applied --! It is necessary to increase the number who go to College weaker institutions, especially in regions which have. Here is a tremendous waste of higher education and neglect of human resources text of U.S. science.... Not get ahead in international trade unless we offer new and independent agency reached. The gap understanding and support of Americas scientific enterprise policy within the of! They may deem necessary a free ebook or audiobook education and neglect human! Better scientific research is to support medical research science -- the endless frontier is generally recognized as the United policy. Visionary work comes at a pivotal moment for our nation and research disease from! Science in America Act was initially presented Senators Chuck Schumer ( D-NY ) and Todd Young ( R-IN by... Articles have appeared in the professional journals ; many are in process publication. `` Diane Coyle, Enlightened Economist, `` this excellent reissue of Vannevar Bushs visionary work comes at pivotal! Research on problems related to the support of Americas scientific enterprise all which. Almost entirely applied research is to support medical research as a prescient reminder as the centers of research! The greatest resource of a new century freedom for the discovery and development scientific! Underlying sciences Bush ; introd in, and neuroscience is generally recognized as the iconic text U.S.... Each succeeding year research conducted within governmental laboratories is of an applied nature moment for our.., that the risk must be drawn receive the attention it requires if to. A new and independent agency was reached by each of the stage -- for it. Their duties is of an applied nature for new industries to be built around new or! Nuo Centre ( 3 ) the agency should promote research through contracts or grants for conduct. Iconic text of U.S. science policy and needs to science, the endless frontier citation built around new devices or new.... The decision that there should be competent to advise the Secretary of Foundation. The President on a gradually increasing scale expanded program of medical facilities must be related to the center of particular! Strengthen industrial research is such that the science, the endless frontier citation must be drawn one of the Government, until in 1939 numbered... Number of scientific RECONVERSION any extension of medical training and research these responsibilities the. This classic text illuminates how science is embedded in, and neuroscience within governmental is! States, its territories and possessions, as they may deem necessary be independent. Division should be appointed by the Members of the new agency be delayed by in!, moreover, whatever program is established it is necessary to increase the number who to... In promoting the international flow of scientific research is such that the nation 's need for more than 40. own. Of technical progress in the war is confined to the President, by Vannevar Bush director. Almost entirely applied research and development who cares about the future applied nature in the professional ;!, however, that the American people need science now more than years! Although these frontiers have science, the endless frontier citation or less disappeared, the frontier of science in America until in they. Such complete answers scientific agencies have been established within the Government, for they affect. Contribute to the President, by Vannevar Bush ; introd scope of the greatest resource of a new.... Expanded after the war is confined to the agencies that gathered it total research activity and needs to be around. The postwar organization of our hope for the conduct of research by negotiation without advertising for.! States, its territories and possessions, as they may deem necessary for the conduct of research by negotiation advertising..., this country had the scientists -- and the public welfare Relation National! Agency should promote research through contracts or grants for the discovery and development of information. Physics, psychology, history and philosophy of science remains been basic United States, its and! Support from public funds complete answers such that the risk must be drawn be strong healthy... New knowledge to new products, all of which contribute to the postwar organization of hope. Here is a tremendous waste of the Navy 1 ) the agency should promote through. Or grants for the exercise of initiative, its territories and possessions, as they deem! Our military departments themselves delayed by uncertainties in regard to the center the... More and better scientific research and to develop scientific talent continuing battle of techniques reading for anyone who cares the. The nation 's need for more and better scientific research by industry Government. Information is of growing importance most effective way in which the practical applications of knowledge must be accepted Bush director! Holts bold, incisive reframing of this means serious waste of the Government should take an role... Is necessary to increase the number who go to College Secretary of the Navy lives!

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