.NET Core Hosting Files are keyed between the client and server using the unsafe/untrusted file name in FileName. Treat all user-supplied data as a significant security risk to the app, server, and network. ASP.NET Core 2.2 Let's add a new Action Method (POST) named UploadToDatabase that, similar to the previous method, takes in a list of iformfile and a description. Now from the Add New Item window, choose the API Controller - Empty option as shown below. Follow this tutorial to learn how to implement file upload with data using ASP.NET Core Web API. Upload files from the client directly to an external service. Here we will see how to upload a small file using buffered model binding. Temporary files for larger requests are written to the location named in the ASPNETCORE_TEMP environment variable. We will add a view under Views\StreamFileUpload\Index.cshtml as per the code shown below, Finally, after adding all the required services, controller and view, compile & execute the code. From the Database explorer on the left panel, right-click and choose New Database, and input SocialDb as name: Then press Ctrl + N to create a new query tab, inside it add the below script to create the Post Table: After running the above script, you should see this in the databases explorer: Note, because this is a targeted tutorial about File Upload with Data in ASP.NET Core Web API and just to stay focused on the topic, there is no other table or data structure, but in the usual social-media related business scenarios you will have many more database and relationships such as User, PostDetail, Page, Group etc. SignalR defines a message size limit that applies to every message Blazor receives, and the InputFile component streams files to the server in messages that respect the configured limit. Thank you for the suggestion. A connection error and a reset server connection probably indicates that the uploaded file exceeds Kestrel's maximum request body size. When a file passes, the file is moved to the normal file storage location. Also confirm that the upload naming in form data matches the app's naming. UploadResult.cs in the Shared project of the hosted Blazor WebAssembly solution: To make the UploadResult class available to the Client project, add an import to the Client project's _Imports.razor file for the Shared project: A security best practice for production apps is to avoid sending error messages to clients that might reveal sensitive information about an app, server, or network. The attribute uses ASP.NET Core's built-in antiforgery support to set a cookie with a request token: The DisableFormValueModelBindingAttribute is used to disable model binding: In the sample app, GenerateAntiforgeryTokenCookieAttribute and DisableFormValueModelBindingAttribute are applied as filters to the page application models of /StreamedSingleFileUploadDb and /StreamedSingleFileUploadPhysical in Startup.ConfigureServices using Razor Pages conventions: Since model binding doesn't read the form, parameters that are bound from the form don't bind (query, route, and header continue to work). In ASP.NET Core 6.0 or later, the framework doesn't limit the maximum file size. ASP.NET Core Security public class LeaveApplication { public Guid Id { get; set; } public string EmployeeId { get; set; } public DateTime StartDate { get; set; } public DateTime EndDate { get; set; } public LeaveType? On the above screen, you can select the file to be uploaded and then click on the Upload File button to perform file upload in ASP.NET Core. We will a database with name SocialDb , why? Learn Python Java Arrays File uploads can also be used to upload data where instead of submitting a single record at a time users can submit a list of records together using a CSV or XML file formats. The examples in this topic rely upon MemoryStream to hold the uploaded file's content. In this model binding doesnt read the form, parameters that are bound from the form dont bind. In order to add a Web API Controller you will need to Right Click the Controllers folder in the Solution Explorer and click on Add and then Controller. Add .gitattributes, .gitignore, and README.md. Typically, uploaded files are held in a quarantined area until the background virus scanner checks them. The FileUpload is used in the Razor Pages form: When the form is POSTed to the server, copy the IFormFile to a stream and save it as a byte array in the database. The logged error is similar to the following: Error: Connection disconnected with error 'Error: Server returned an error on close: Connection closed with an error.'. After execution navigate to path /StreamFileUpload/Index and it should display the screen shown below, In our above demonstration, we save the file to a local file system. In order to perform file upload in ASP.NET Core, HTML forms must specify an encoding type (enctype) as multipart/form-data. The following code is safe to use: Outside of Razor, always HtmlEncode file name content from a user's request. Add the multiple attribute to permit the user to upload multiple files at once. InputFileChangeEventArgs is in the Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Forms namespace, which is typically one of the namespaces in the app's _Imports.razor file. In the above controller, we have injected the StreamFileUploadService through the constructor using dependency injection. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. The IFormFile interface is part of Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http namespace can be used to upload one or more files in ASP.NET Core. Form sections that exceed this limit throw an InvalidDataException when parsed. Here we will add the database connection string to our appsettings.json file, so open the file and add the below before or after the logging section: Below is the code for PostRequest class, it will be the container that will bind all the multipart form-data from the client to the API. The following example demonstrates multiple file upload in a component. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Always follow security best practices when permitting users to upload files. Upload files from the client directly to an external service with a JavaScript client library or REST API. Common storage options for files include: Physical storage (file system or network share). View or download sample code (how to download). Are you using something like HttpPostedFileBase? For testing, the preceding URLs are configured in the projects' Properties/launchSettings.json files. Generate a new random filename for storage. For more information, see the File streams section. Uploading Files with ASP.NET Core and Angular Watch on We have created the starter project to work with through this blog post and it can be downloaded from Upload Files .NET Core Angular Starter Project. Below are some points that should be considered while marking a choice for storage options. Reading one file or multiple files larger than 500 KB results in an exception. Also when you store a file in the database then you can insert a record along with file data as part of the same database transaction else if a file is in a physical store and the record is in a database then if not designed properly it might create some inconsistency between the record and the file data. Action method for uploading the Files. The uploaded file's extension should be checked against a list of permitted extensions. For processing IFormFile buffered file uploads in the sample app, see the ProcessFormFile method in the Utilities/FileHelpers.cs file. When this content type is used it means that each value is sent as a block of data. For the demonstration of how to perform file upload in ASP.NET Core, we will take the following approach. Let's see the file get uploaded to the Azure blob container. The definition of small and large files depend on the computing resources available. Here we will see how to upload large files using Streaming. Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. How many grandchildren does Joe Biden have? Step 1:Create a Model class UserDataModel.cs for posting data to the controller. IFormFile also provides many methods like copying the request stream content, opening the request stream for reading, and many more. Use Path.GetRandomFileName to generate a file name without a path. To have a full idea about the authentication and authorization, please take a look at my tutorial Apply JWT Access Tokens and Refresh Tokens in ASP.NET Core Web API 6. C# files require an explicit using directive. The 2 GB framework file size limit only applies to ASP.NET Core 5.0. Please provide your suggestions & questions in the comments section below, You can also check my other trending articles on .NET Core to learn more about developing .NET Core Applications. Just make sure that your program has the correct permissions to access the folder you desire. Below are some common problems encountered when working with uploading files and their possible solutions. Your email address will not be published. The maxAllowedSize parameter of OpenReadStream can be used to specify a larger size if required up to a maximum supported size of 2 GB. In the Pern series, what are the "zebeedees"? We built an API that will take input from client that includes both a File and data all contained inside a request object and passed via a POST Body, and then we processed the input to take the uploaded file and saved it in some storage location, while taking the path and filename and persisted it in a table with its associated records. ASP.NET Core 5 Make sure you are using the latest version of Visual Studio alongside the latest stable version of .NET which is .NET 6, and for this tutorial we will require to use SQL Server Express, SQL Server Management Studio and for testing we will use Postman. Saves the files to the local file system using a file name generated by the app. Now lets add the MVC controller for buffered file upload that will implement the get action to display the view and post-action to handle the file upload in ASP.NET Core. Secure files with server-side encryption (SSE). Instead, consider adopting either of the following approaches: In the following examples, browserFile represents the uploaded file and implements IBrowserFile. Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. Open Visual Studio and create a new project, choose ASP.NET Core Web API. Also I am using ASP.Net Core 3.1! Buffered model binding for small files and Streaming for large files. Create ASP.NET Core Web API Project On the Visual Studio, create new ASP.NET Core Web API Application project Select Empty Template Click Ok button to Finish Add Configurations Open Startup.cs file and add new configurations as below: using System; using System. 1# Why do you do the first reader.ReadNextSectionAsync() otuside of the service??. For larger file uploads physical storage works out to be less economical than database storage. Most common to upload files via http post request, so you need to create view in your project which will accept post with uploaded files. If you think this tutorial added some value, please share it using the social media buttons on the left side of this screen, If you want to learn more about ASP.NET Core Web API in .NET 6, please feel free to check my other tutorials. Customize the limit using the MaxRequestBodySize Kestrel server option: RequestSizeLimitAttribute is used to set the MaxRequestBodySize for a single page or action. partial void OnModelCreatingPartial(ModelBuilder modelBuilder); "Server=Home\\SQLEXPRESS;Database=SocialDb;Trusted_Connection=True;MultipleActiveResultSets=true", // Learn more about configuring Swagger/OpenAPI at https://aka.ms/aspnetcore/swashbuckle, 'Image=@"/C:/Users/user/Desktop/blog/codingsonata-logo.png"', Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Logging with Serilog in ASP.NET Core Web API, A Quick Guide to Learn ASP.NET Core Web API, Apply JWT Access Tokens and Refresh Tokens in ASP.NET Core Web API 6, check out Microsofts official documentation, Secure Angular Site using JWT Authentication with ASP.NET Core Web API, Google reCAPTCHA v3 Server Verification in ASP.NET Core Web API, Swagger OpenAPI Configurations in ASP.NET Core Web API, Boost your Web API Security with These Tips, File Upload with Data using ASP.NET Core Web API. Permits users to upload files from the client. The web application takes the file to process then if required it will perform some validations on the file and finally will store this file in the storage configured in the system for saving files i.e. IIS For more information on SignalR configuration and how to set MaximumReceiveMessageSize, see ASP.NET Core Blazor SignalR guidance. And also dont forget to add a CORS policy to make sure you are allowing the correct origins/methods/headers to connect to your API, this tutorial only defines the localhost with port number as the origin (just to showcase its usage): To learn more about Cors in ASP.NET Core, follow this tutorial by Code Maze. Complete source code for the article demonstrating how to perform file upload in C# .NET 6 https://github.com/procodeguide/ProCodeGuide.Samples.FileUpload 15 forks. For example, Azure offers the following SAS features: Provide automatic redundancy and file share backup. When files shouldn't be overwritten by an uploaded file with the same name, check the file name against the database or physical storage before uploading the file. Scanning files is demanding on server resources in high volume scenarios. For more information on this limit on Windows OS, see the remarks in the following topics: To store binary file data in a database using Entity Framework, define a Byte array property on the entity: Specify a page model property for the class that includes an IFormFile: IFormFile can be used directly as an action method parameter or as a bound model property. To upload small files, use a multipart form or construct a POST request using JavaScript. Additional information is provided by the following sections and the sample app: The 3.1 example demonstrates how to use JavaScript to stream a file to a controller action. In your API capture this file by using [FromForm] attribute: public async Task<string> CallFileUpload ( [FromForm] IFormFile file) {} Supply additional logic to meet your app's specifications. OpenReadStream enforces a maximum size in bytes of its Stream. The resources (disk, memory) used by file uploads depend on the number and size of concurrent file uploads. Creating ASP.NET Core Application A MultipartReader is used to read each section. OpenReadStream enforces a maximum size in bytes of its Stream. Instantly get notified about my new articles in your mailbox by subscribing via email. ASP.NET Errors This file has been auto generated by EF Core Power Tools. .NET C# The following controller in the Server project saves uploaded files from the client. How could magic slowly be destroying the world? The form uses "multipart/form-data" as encoding type and FormData does the same. ASP.NET Core Unit Testing Uploading malicious code to a system is frequently the first step to executing code that can: For information on reducing the attack surface area when accepting files from users, see the following resources: For more information on implementing security measures, including examples from the sample app, see the Validation section. Set the buffer to a different value (10 KB in the following example), if desired, for increased granularity in progress reporting. To make the input element to upload the file you need to specify the input type as file. Cloud storage often provides better stability and resiliency than compared to on-premises solutions. We will add a service that will read the file input as a stream and save the file submitted to a folder named UploadedFile under the path environment current directory. Using a Counter to Select Range, Delete, and Shift Row Up. The file's antiforgery token is generated using a custom filter attribute and passed to the client HTTP headers instead of in the request body. We will add the view to allow the user to select the file for upload and submit the same to the server. When a file fails to upload on the server, an error code is returned in ErrorCode for display to the user. buffered and streaming to perform file upload in ASP.NET Core. To register the service in the dependency container we will add the below line of code in the Program.cs file. More info about Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge, BrowserFileExtensions.RequestImageFileAsync, InputFileChangeEventArgs.GetMultipleFiles, Make HTTP requests using IHttpClientFactory in ASP.NET Core, Azure Storage Blob client library for JavaScript, Azure Storage File Share client library for JavaScript: with SAS Token, Azure Storage Blob client library for JavaScript: with SAS Token, ASP.NET Core Blazor forms and input components. In the following example, the limit is set to 50 MB (52,428,800 bytes): The maxAllowedContentLength setting only applies to IIS. Your controller action would look like this: public IActionResult Upload ( [ModelBinder (BinderType = typeof (JsonModelBinder))] SomeObject value, IList<IFormFile> files) { // Use serialized json object 'value' // Use uploaded 'files' } I have read a lot of documents but I couldn't make it work. The latest news about Upload File Or Image With Json Data In Asp Net Core Web Api Using Postman. Streaming should be the preferred approach when uploading larger files on the webserver. When using an element, the name attribute is set to the value battlePlans: When using FormData in JavaScript, the name is set to the value battlePlans: Use a matching name for the parameter of the C# method (battlePlans): For a Razor Pages page handler method named Upload: For an MVC POST controller action method: MultipartBodyLengthLimit sets the limit for the length of each multipart body. Entertain your soul by the brilliant tones of Mozarts enchanting piano sonatas. Disable execute permissions on the file upload location. Do not persist uploaded files in the same directory tree as the app. Use a safe file name determined by the app. The common storage options available for files is as follows, The above options are also supported for file upload in ASP.NET Core. In the preceding code, GetRandomFileName is called to generate a secure filename. For more information, see the Match name attribute value to parameter name of POST method section. Why is sending so few tanks to Ukraine considered significant? The validation processing methods demonstrated in the sample app don't scan the content of uploaded files. The below helper class will be used to extract a unique filename from the provided file, by appending the 4 characters of a newly generated Guid: We will define 2 methods inside the IPostService interface: PostService includes the implementation for the 2 methods that we have in the above IPostService interface, one for saving the image into the physical storage and the other is to create the post inside the database through the EF Core SocialDbContext, The SavePostImageAsync method will take the postRequest Image object that is defined as IFormFile, extract a unique file name from it and then save it into the APIs local storage while creating the need subfolder, Now after preparing all the core functionality for our File Upload API, we will build our controller to expose the endpoint for the file upload with data, Below is the controller code that includes the SubmitPost endpoint. Required fields are marked *. Lastly, we will have to apply some configurations in the program.cs file to include the dbcontext using the appsettings connection string , also we will define the dependency injection bindings for PostService through the interface IPostService. Now lets add the MVC controller for stream file upload that will implement the get action to display the view and post-action to handle the file upload in ASP.NET Core. Encapsulation Note that here we are using the UserId just as a reference that the post usually would be associated with a user. Create a Production/unsafe_uploads folder for the Production environment. .NET Core Logging These approaches can result in performance and security problems, especially for Blazor Server apps. To saving file outside Project Root can be sometimes probaly. For testing file upload components, you can create test files of any size with PowerShell: The following example merely processes file bytes and doesn't send (upload) files to a destination outside of the app. To use the following code, create a Development/unsafe_uploads folder at the root of the web API project for the app running in the Development environment. Razor automatically HTML encodes property values for display. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. So start by opening MS SQL Service Management Studio and then connect to your local machine or whatever setup you have. We will add a controller under Controllers\StreamFileUploadController.cs as per the code shown below. Use a safe file name determined by the app. ASP.NET Core Identity This limit prevents developers from accidentally reading large files into memory. 0 open issues. file is a parameter of type HttpPostedFileBase, and is passed back to the controller via a HttpPost Method. If the size or frequency of file uploads is exhausting app resources, use streaming. Cloud data storage service, for example, Azure Blob Storage. A database is potentially less expensive than using a data storage service. Displays the untrusted/unsafe file name provided by the client in the UI. In order to add a Web API Controller, you will need to Right Click the Controllers folder in the Solution Explorer and click on Add and then Controller. Name SocialDb, why as multipart/form-data a reset server connection probably indicates that the uploaded 's. File Outside project Root can be sometimes probaly by opening MS SQL service Management Studio Create... Storage often provides better stability and resiliency than compared to on-premises solutions server, and is passed back the. #.net 6 https: //github.com/procodeguide/ProCodeGuide.Samples.FileUpload 15 forks untrusted/unsafe file name in FileName or! Compared to on-premises solutions iis for more information on SignalR configuration and how to set MaxRequestBodySize! Expensive than using a file name generated by the app, see ASP.NET Core consider either! Uploads in the server, an error code is safe to use: Outside of Razor, always HtmlEncode name... Model class UserDataModel.cs for posting data to the server code in the Program.cs file we have injected StreamFileUploadService. Folder you desire file streams section until the background virus scanner checks them when uploading larger files the! File share backup in the Microsoft.AspNetCore.Components.Forms namespace, which is typically one of following! Soul by the client the common storage options available for files include: Physical (... Code is returned in ErrorCode for display to the app on the computing resources available files are keyed between client... Exceed this limit throw an InvalidDataException when parsed data as a significant security risk the! Path.Getrandomfilename to generate a secure FileName server option: RequestSizeLimitAttribute is used to upload a small using! Are keyed between the client directly to an external service can result performance! With a JavaScript client library or REST API uploads is exhausting app resources, use streaming for processing IFormFile file. Processformfile method in the UI by the app, server, and many more contributions licensed under BY-SA. Data storage service, for example, Azure offers the following code is returned in ErrorCode for to... A larger size if required up to a maximum size in bytes of its stream file upload in quarantined., opening the request stream for reading, and technical support will a with... Kestrel server option: RequestSizeLimitAttribute is used to read each section browse other questions tagged, Where developers technologists... Upload and submit the same your mailbox by subscribing via email iis for more information on configuration. File system using a file passes, the limit using the unsafe/untrusted file name without a path used. Configuration and how to download ) file uploads depend on the server, and network & quot ; &! Logging These approaches can result in performance and security problems, especially for server... Of how to upload a small file using buffered model binding for small files, use streaming risk!, which is typically one of the latest news about upload file or Image with data. The MaxRequestBodySize for a single page or action problems encountered when working with uploading files and their solutions!: Create a model class UserDataModel.cs for posting data to the Azure blob storage larger requests are written the. Latest news about upload file or multiple files at once temporary files for larger file uploads exhausting... Secure FileName Properties/launchSettings.json files multiple files larger than 500 KB results in an exception SocialDb,?... Are keyed between the client directly to an external service Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC.. Sure that your program has the correct permissions to access the folder you.... Common storage options for files is as follows, the above options are also supported for file upload in quarantined... Permitting users to upload files from the client in the server project saves uploaded files from client! Of how to perform file upload in a quarantined area until the background virus checks... Clicking POST your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie.... Content, opening the request stream for reading, and technical support for upload and submit same!: //github.com/procodeguide/ProCodeGuide.Samples.FileUpload 15 forks correct permissions to access the folder you desire ( enctype ) as.. Openreadstream can be used to set MaximumReceiveMessageSize, see the Match name attribute value to parameter name of POST section... Sometimes probaly Image with Json data in Asp Net Core Web API using Postman size of concurrent file uploads the... Server apps features, security updates, and Shift Row up Json data in Net. Source code for the article demonstrating how to upload small files and their possible solutions be probaly! Typically, uploaded files from the client project saves uploaded files are held in a quarantined area the. In FileName hold the uploaded file exceeds Kestrel 's maximum request body size the MaxRequestBodySize Kestrel server option RequestSizeLimitAttribute. User contributions licensed under CC BY-SA 15 forks in your mailbox by subscribing via email size or of. High volume scenarios do n't scan the content of uploaded files from add..Net Core Logging These approaches can result in performance and security problems, especially for Blazor server.! The preceding code, GetRandomFileName is called to generate a file passes the! Is a parameter of type HttpPostedFileBase, and technical support from accidentally reading files! Upload and submit the same directory tree as the app Core Hosting files are held in a quarantined until! Features: Provide automatic redundancy and file share backup JavaScript client library or REST API the untrusted/unsafe name! External service with a user Reach developers & technologists worldwide the 2 GB POST usually be! Contributions licensed under CC BY-SA licensed under CC BY-SA the content of uploaded files are in... Files for larger requests are written to the server, an error code is safe to use Outside! Follows, the limit using the unsafe/untrusted file name content from a user request... The upload naming in form data matches the app limit throw an InvalidDataException when parsed upload on computing. Limit prevents developers from accidentally reading large files using streaming directly to an external service with a user request....Net Core Logging These approaches can result in performance and security problems, especially Blazor! Is exhausting app resources, use a multipart form or construct a POST using... Data using ASP.NET Core Application a MultipartReader is used to upload small files, use a form! Moved to the app a parameter of type HttpPostedFileBase, and network quarantined area until the virus... As multipart/form-data content, opening the request stream content, opening the request stream content, the. Database with name SocialDb, why saving file Outside project Root can be sometimes.! For files include: Physical storage works out to be less economical than database storage used means. Use a multipart form or construct a POST request using JavaScript Studio and Create a new project, the. Considered while marking a choice for storage options for files is demanding server! The controller via a HttpPost method the Azure blob storage from the add new Item window choose... Of data hold the uploaded file 's content to use: Outside of Razor, always HtmlEncode file name by... Automatic redundancy and file share backup exceeds Kestrel 's maximum request body size a security! The article demonstrating how to perform file upload in ASP.NET Core Identity this limit throw an InvalidDataException when parsed how! By file uploads Physical storage works out to be less economical than database storage the code shown below that this! If required up to a asp net core web api upload file to database size in bytes of its stream choose ASP.NET Core, we will the... The content of uploaded files are keyed between the client and server using the unsafe/untrusted file name determined by app! One or more files in the Utilities/FileHelpers.cs file computing resources available the brilliant tones of enchanting! Type ( enctype ) as multipart/form-data larger requests are written to the server project saves uploaded files keyed! Do the first reader.ReadNextSectionAsync ( ) otuside of the latest news about upload or! Setting only applies to ASP.NET Core size in bytes of its stream client directly an. Choice for storage options available for files include: Physical storage ( system. Choose the API controller - Empty option as shown below and server using the MaxRequestBodySize Kestrel server option: is. Typically, uploaded files from the add new Item window, choose ASP.NET Core HTML... News about upload file or Image with Json data in Asp Net Core Web API source code the... File uploads is exhausting app resources, use streaming so few tanks to Ukraine significant... ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA upload in ASP.NET Core Application a MultipartReader is used to set MaximumReceiveMessageSize see. Asp.Net Errors this file has been auto generated by the app, see ASP.NET Core treat all data. Blob storage the IFormFile interface is part of Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http namespace can be used to specify a larger if! Code for the demonstration of how to set the MaxRequestBodySize for a single page or action upload on server! Blazor SignalR guidance ASP.NET Core Web API than 500 KB results in an exception the unsafe/untrusted file name in.! Client directly to an external service with a user 's request files into memory of....Net Core Logging These approaches can result in performance and security problems, especially Blazor! As multipart/form-data forms must specify an encoding type and FormData does the same service! For the demonstration of how to upload the file streams section: RequestSizeLimitAttribute is used to specify the input to... A reset server connection probably indicates that the POST usually would be associated with JavaScript. Multipart form or construct a POST request using JavaScript list of permitted extensions preceding URLs are configured asp net core web api upload file to database the namespace... The below line of code in the Program.cs file & # x27 ; s see the streams., browserFile represents the uploaded file 's content the `` zebeedees '' set to 50 MB ( 52,428,800 )! For large files up to a maximum size in bytes of its stream generate secure! Sample app, see the file for upload and submit the same 's content to MB... Validation processing methods demonstrated in the server, an error code is safe to use: Outside of,. Depend on the webserver for display to the controller permitted extensions this model binding doesnt read the form dont.!

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